Trump — who was impeached twice, convicted of some crimes and charged with others, judged liable for sexual abuse and fined hundreds of millions of dollars in a civil fraud trial — campaigned on instituting sweeping changes to the country, including mass deportations of immigrants, broad-based tariffs, dramatically pared-back climate regulations, and a purge of “deep state” bureaucrats.

But it is not Trump’s individual policy proposals that worry history and democracy scholars as much as his continued denial of reality that he lost the 2020 presidential election and his role in encouraging his supporters on Jan. 6, 2021, who violently stormed the U.S. Capitol. The failure of the courts and Congress to hold him accountable for those actions signals an unofficial takeover of the levers of government by a charismatic, strongman figure who has remade the Republican Party in his image, these democracy scholars say. He is poised to start a second term with broad legal immunity, granted by a reshaped Supreme Court upon which he has exerted significant influence.