January 3, 2026

Word

                        Via The Blue Torch


Word

@AnnieForTruth





Venezuela


Rachel Maddow on Venezuela: “There are very few Americans right now who have any idea why the United States did this. If this was about drug trafficking then why did President Trump just pardon the former President of Honduras who was convicted of sending hundreds of tons of drugs into the US?”

NY Times -   The Constitution requires Congress to approve any act of war. Yes, presidents often push the boundaries of this law. But even Mr. Bush sought and received congressional endorsement for his Iraq invasion, and presidents since Mr. Bush have justified their use of drone attacks against terrorist groups and their supporters with a 2001 law that authorized action after the Sept. 11 attacks. Mr. Trump has not even a fig leaf of legal authority for his attacks on Venezuela.
                                        The Kobeissi Letter


Bernie Sanders on Venezuela


America is now a dictatorship

Sam Smith - With the unconstitutional powers used by Donald Trump against  Venezuela and the assumption that one man has the right to execute these powers, it is fair to say that America's days as a democracy are over and we are now under a dictatorship. Further, the free press  - illustrated by the weakness of its challenge to this historic disaster - is doing to little to rescue us. 

The comments of a president treating the takeover of Venezuela as  acorrect function of his office was one of the most bitterly sad TV shows I have ever seen. While his paste proposed takeover of Greenland could be dismissed as hype, the same can't be said of Venezuela. After all, he did it. 

Our president feels its is proper to take over another country that he doesn't like.  That is not something allowed by a constitutional democracy but rather a sure sign that dicatorship is now par for the course.



Donald Trump

Trump gets helped upon a plane 

Meanwhile. . .

The Jan 6 case

ABC News -   A former FBI agent accused of egging on rioters to attack police during the Jan. 6, 2021 riot at the U.S. Capitol is now serving in the Justice Department as part of the so-called "Weaponization Working Group," sources familiar with the appointment confirmed to ABC News.

Jared Wise was on trial when he was pardoned as part of President Donald Trump's sweeping series of pardons and commutations for nearly all of the more than 1,500 individuals charged in connection with the Capitol attack.

According to sources, Wise is now serving in the department as an investigator and counselor to Ed Martin, the former interim D.C. U.S. Attorney, whose permanent nomination to the post was rejected by Republican senators concerned over his past vocal advocacy for Jan. 6 rioters and other controversial actions he took in Trump's first four months in office.

Wise was charged in May 2023 and later indicted, with prosecutors pointing to videos showing him yelling "Kill 'em!" repeatedly as rioters attacked police outside of the Capitol building. He also allegedly entered the building for roughly nine minutes and then continued shouting at police.

“You guys are disgusting," Wise allegedly said in body camera footage recorded by law enforcement. "I’m former law enforcement. You’re disgusting. You are the Nazi. You are the Gestapo. You can’t see it. . . . Shame on you! Shame on you! Shame on you!”

Tesla sales dropped again inn 2025

Axios - Tesla vehicle sales declined for a second consecutive year in 2025, hitting a low since 2022. The figures put CEO Elon Musk's company behind Chinese competitor BYD as the world's leading electric vehicle maker.

Tesla said it delivered 1.64 million in 2025, down 9% from the previous year..

  • Sales suffered in 2025 over backlash to Musk's political ties to President Trump. They were also hurt by the expiration of a $7,500 tax credit that was phased out by the Trump administration at the end of September.

What One of the Boats Trump Struck Was Carrying

New Republic - Detritus from one of the Caribbean boat strikes has washed up on the Colombian peninsula, and it’s not what the White House claimed.

The boats apparently wrecked in a November 6 strike arrived on Colombia’s Indigenous-governed Guajira Peninsula two days later with two mangled bodies and torched jerrycans. But at least one of the vessels also carried evidence of the drugs it was smuggling onboard, reported The New York Times: emptied packets of marijuana.

The Trump administration has justified its unfettered air strike campaign on the basis that small watercraft in the Caribbean were funnelling fentanyl into the U.S. To further legitimize the militaristic response—which so far has killed at least 107 people since early September—the president purported that the boats were run by “narcoterrorists” from Venezuela, and designated fentanyl as a “weapon of mass destruction.”

But marijuana, a drug synonymous with the “peace and love” movement of the 1960s, is about as far from a tool of war as you can get. The substance is already legal in the vast majority of the U.S.: 40 states permit its use for medicinal purposes, while 24 states allow residents to get high for any reason whatsoever.

Earlier this month, Trump himself signed an executive order to expedite the process of reclassifying weed from a Schedule I drug—which are considered to have high abuse rates with little to no medical application—to a Schedule III drug under the Controlled Substances Act.

Overall, there seems to be little evidence that the boats have been headed toward the United States. In a classified meeting with U.S. lawmakers two weeks ago, Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth and State Secretary Marco Rubio revealed that the Trump administration was aware the boats were bound for Europe rather than America. They also disclosed that the administration had no intelligence indicating that fentanyl was coming out of Venezuela, but rather that some of the boats were believed to be carrying cocaine.

The year in climate

Trump increases illegal war against Venezuela

 Time -  President Donald Trump said Saturday that the United States had captured Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro after carrying out a "large-scale" strike against the country.

The extraordinary attack follows months of pressure from the Trump Administration on Maduro to cede power in the South American country over long-standing accusations of involvement in drug trafficking and election rigging.

It represents the largest U.S. military operation in Latin America since the 1989 invasion of Panama, and is the second major military campaign launched by the president since returning to office a year ago.

In a post on Truth Social, Trump said Maduro and his wife had been "captured and flown out of the Country," adding that the operation "was done in conjunction with U.S. Law Enforcement."

Axios - American interventionism is back, in Trumpian technicolor, Axios' Dave Lawler reports.

  • In just under a year, Trump has conducted massive strikes on Iran's nuclear program, bombed six additional countries, most recently Nigeria, appointed himself chair of a governing board for Gaza, and sent a massive flotilla to Venezuela to blow up drug boats and, it's now clear, to depose a sitting world leader.
  • He's done most of that without seeking approval from Congress or trying to build any kind of international legitimacy.
MS NOW -   “The legal basis for the strike inside Venezuela is very murky, including because covert action is used when the U.S. government intends to keep its hand hidden, not boast about it publicly,” said Matthew Waxman, a Columbia Law professor specializing in constitutional war powers.

Axios -   
President Trump is already being blasted by congressional Democrats for ordering strikes on military targets in Caracas, as part of an overnight operation that resulted in the capture of Venezuelan President Nicholas Maduro.

 The lawmakers say the president blatantly overstepped his authority by not seeking congressional authorization for the operation beforehand.

The strikes were reportedly carried out against Venezuelan anti-air and other military targets in order to protect U.S. personnel carrying out Maduro's capture.
Republicans have praised and defended the move, with Sen. Mike Lee (R-Utah) saying Trump "likely" acted under his authority in Article II of the U.S. Constitution to defend American troops overseas.

January 2, 2026

Life expecdtancy


Democrat states have life expectancies that are on par with Canada, Germany, and Poland. While Republican states have life expectancies on par with Honduras, North Korea, Bangladesh, and Nicaragua. 🇨🇦 Canada - 81.6 🔵 Hawaii – 80.7 years 🇩🇪 Germany - 80.5 years 🇦🇱 Albania - 79.6 🔵 Washington – 79.2 years 🔵 Minnesota – 79.1 years 🔵 Massachusetts – 79.0 years 🔵 Connecticut – 78.9 years 🔵 New Jersey – 78.8 years 🔵 New York – 78.7 years 🔵 California – 78.6 years 🇵🇱 Poland - 78.51 years 🔵 Colorado – 78.5 years 🔵 New Hampshire – 78.4 years States with the lowest life expectancy, and some countries to compare: 🔴 Mississippi – 71.9 years 🔴 West Virginia – 72.8 years 🇭🇳 Honduras - 73 years 🔴 Louisiana – 73.1 years 🔴 Alabama – 73.2 years 🇰🇵 North Korea - 73.6 years 🔴 Tennessee – 73.8 years 🔴 Arkansas – 73.8 years 🔴 Kentucky – 74.0 years 🔴 Oklahoma – 74.1 years 🔵 New Mexico – 74.5 years 🇧🇩 Bangladesh - 74.6 years 🔴 South Carolina – 74.8 years 🇳🇮 Nicaragua - 74.9 years

Word

Via Thursday

Workers

Brian Allen - Under Donald Trump, America has now seen seven straight months of manufacturing job losses.

Polls

Newsweek -   Trump’s approval rating among Americans earning $50,000 or less has fallen to 31 percent, with 65 percent disapproving, according to a late December YouGov/Economist poll, which interviewed 1,550 U.S. adult citizens from December 26-29 and had a margin of error of plus or minus 3.6 percentage points...

Support has dropped among those earning $50,000 to $100,000, with Trump’s net approval slipping from -10 in October to -17 in December.  Only 40 percent now approve of his performance in this segment of the electorate, according to the December YouGov/Economist poll. 

List of New Social Security Rules Taking Effect This Month

Newsweek 

Trump regime

Fedeal judges find the Trump regime repeatedly lying. 

Word


Is the Post Office About to Decide the 2026 Midterms?

The Hartmann Report

Dr Mary L Trump

Dr Mary L Trump (Neice of Donald Trump) - In less than nine months, Donald Trump and his cronies have enacted nearly half of the Project 2025 agenda. And friend, it’s already eroding our democracy as designed.

From firing tens of thousands of federal workers and replacing them with those loyal to Donald, to weaponizing the Justice Department against critics while protecting him and his allies, to gutting protections for our environment, our health, our civil rights, and so much more, the Trump regime has made clear that they’ll answer to no one but Donald and the billionaires bankrolling his chaos..

Gen Z

The Guadian -  Amid a nationwide decline of teaching, .... a striking number of gen Z graduates are entering the classroom, despite longstanding concerns over pay and conditions.

Teach For America (TFA), a non-profit education organization, experienced a near 43% increase in applicants for teaching fellowships over the past three years.

A generation whose formative years were spent in isolation during the Covid-19 lockdown is “craving human connection and experiences that feel real”, suggested Whitney Petersmeyer, TFA’s chief growth and program officer. “Teaching is the job where they can find that.”

Gen Z is “responding to the opportunity for purpose and responsibility at a time where many entry jobs feel uncertain or disconnected from impact”, she added.





Jeffrey Epstein

NPR  -  Two weeks past the legal deadline, the Justice Department has failed to release all of the Jeffrey Epstein files in its possession. The few public documents the DOJ released feature heavy redactions that appear to exceed the limits intended by the law. The government also says some of what was released shouldn’t be trusted. All together, the lack of transparency has fueled the flames of old and new conspiracy theories regarding the convicted sex offender’s life and death. 

As we start the year, many people believe that President Trump is one of the powerful few keeping the public in the dark about Epstein, NPR’s Stephen Fowler says. The White House disagrees with that notion. Fowler says he is watching in the coming weeks to see what Congress will do about the DOJ's failure to meet the deadline, especially since the law doesn’t include punishment or enforcement mechanisms.

Members fleeing Congress

The Hill - GOP lawmakers are fleeing for the exit in droves, with many pointing to a Congress that they argue has grown too dysfunctional and a demanding schedule that leaves little time for their families.

More than 50 lawmakers in both parties have announced decisions to leave their seats, scrambling the calculus on both sides of the aisle ahead of next year’s high-stakes midterms.
The wave of exits could be particularly ominous for Republicans in charge of the House and Senate. The number exiting is nearly on par with 2018, a dismal midterm year for the GOP.

Some lawmakers frustrated with inaction on Capitol Hill plan to run for governor and other state-wide offices, while others are stepping back from public office altogether.

January 1, 2026

Starting seventy years of journalism

Sam Smith -  Seventy years ago I was introduced to what would become a lifetime of journalism. I was a student at Harvard College and decided to join its radio station,  thanks in part to having already become a fan of Edward R. Murrow.  I covered events on campus as well as sessions of the Cambridge City Council. including a story of a councilmember who wanted to pave Havard Yard and turn it into a parking lot.

In my sophomore year (1956). I got a summer job in Washington with the all news station WWDC.  They liked my work enough that they offered me a job when I graduated. The downside of this was that I no longer felt pressure to do well academically my last two years and I ended up on probation. But the job came through anyway and the rest of my life was started.

Here is an excerpt from my memoir which appeared originally in Washington History:

Sam Smith - In the spring of my sophomore year I read in Broadcasting magazine that WWDC, an independent station in Washington, DC, was developing a major news operation. Most stations at the time just ripped and read copy from the wires; the exceptions were usually network affiliates.

I immediately added WWDC to a list of 40 stations -- all the others in New England -- to which I sent summer job applications. The 40 New England stations rejected or ignored me, but WWDC took me on. And so I returned to my native Washington, which my family had left when I was ten.

My bosses were two Texas liberals -- news director Joe Phipps and his assistant Bob Robinson. Short and bald, Phipps appeared a bespectacled and ambulatory small mouth bass. When excited his eyeballs almost rubbed against his glasses. His voice ebbed and flowed between 1950s broadcast fog and full-blown southern oratorical eruption. Robinson, on the other hand, had an unflappable Texas drawl. A tall man with white hair, Robinson was as imperturbable as Phipps was instantly reactive.

My initial task -- writing nine newscasts a day -- interned me in a small corner room with just enough space for one window, four news tickers, two typewriters, several phones, reams of yellow copy paper, even more rolls of yellow ticker paper and a maximum of four human beings.

Each newscast was expected to be different, whether the news had changed or not. Three of the newscasts occurred during evening drive time and were 30 minutes apart. This coincided with the most likely period for accidents and thunderstorms. Since WWDC paid $1 to $5 for every news tip it aired, I would be regularly inundated with accounts of fallen limbs and fender benders as I struggled to write three newscasts in an hour and a half. Often the copy ended up like this:

Reports of damage done by this afternoon's thunderstorm are pouring into the WWDC newsroom. At least six houses are on fire, nine accidents have occurred and numerous trees and hot wires have fallen across roads. Police and electric company officials say their phones have been jammed. . .

That newscast probably cost $13, representing the number of incidents I managed to squeeze into one double-spaced page -- all typed in caps with the errors blacked out by a soft copy pencil.

The news tip system worked pretty well, although I sometimes suspected that the volunteer rescue squad dispatchers were calling us before they sent out their equipment, since once the dispatch had been aired, anyone with a scanner could call in the item. And on at least one occasion an employee at WTOP even earned a dollar for phoning in a news tip that he had heard on WMAL.

One of our regular callers was Dan. Matching Robert Frost's paradigm for the good life, Dan's vocation and avocation had become one. He sat in his apartment surrounded by police and fire scanners waiting for tragedy to strike somewhere in the metropolitan region. He would then call and hoarsely whisper the news: "This is Dan, Sam. I've got a body for you." And another buck went to Dan.

Writing constantly soon became tiresome and I discovered various ways to amuse myself. One was to pick a word for the day and then see in how many newscasts I could use it. It had to be something like evince or piqued because my goal, unlike that of station management, was to raise the general tenor of the WWDC sound. This quixotic effort came to a halt when a blue paper memo from Bill Robinson made it clear that he had noticed and didn't think much of my unsanctioned vocabulary lessons.

o

In the late fifties WWDC was the area's top rated station, but it maintained this status with substantial help from exclusive broadcast rights to the Washington Senators games. Absent baseball, WWDC dropped to second or third in evening listening, behind WTOP and WRC, although keeping its lead in the daytime.

WWDC was sometimes known as Bubbly Bubbly DC. The song had come from a jingle house, one of the new parasites of the business -- a firm that provided stations with customized musical fillers. Knowing that the same jingle, slightly reworked, was being used by stations all over the country was a reminder of the illusions one could create in a medium where no one saw what you were doing.

.

FRED FISKE INTERVIEWS ACTOR TAB HUNTER
[DC Public Library, Washington Post]

Washington radio had always been a bit different, though -- ever since a local morning man named Arthur Godfrey started making fun of his advertisers on the air. At least one of them, a furrier named Zlotnik, the man to see "when your wife is cold," became famous mainly as a result of Godfrey's comments about the dirty stuffed bear in front of his store.

Washington in those days was run by three commissioners appointed by the president. Many, though, assumed correctly that the real commissioner was the director of the very white Board of Trade. The local papers routinely listed the race of victims and perpetrators in crime stories. A Washington Star veteran recalled "the grieving widow who called me one day after I'd done an obit about her late husband, in which I had referred to him as a D.C. native. 'He wasn't no native,' she shrieked. 'He was as white as you or I!'" And when I went to cover the annual Brotherhood Week luncheon at a local hotel, a reporter leaned over and said, "Do you notice the only Negroes in this place are the waiters?".

This same reporter called me at 2 a.m. the morning after the funeral of Sweet, Precious Daddy Grace, the colorful bishop of the United House of Prayer for All People. "I'm down here waiting for them to choose Daddy Grace's successor," he whispered into the phone, "and I'm the only white person here. How about coming down?"

Later, in January 1961, I made my only foray into the real world of network television. I was hired for Kennedy's inauguration by CBS News as a news editor. Along with fellow WWDC newsman Ed Taishoff, I sat all day capped with a headset in a ballroom of the Hotel Washington , turning phone calls from CBS correspondents into stories then placed on Walter Cronkite's personal news ticker. If there was one thing Ed and I knew, it was how to take news from callers, turn it into copy and get it on the air fast.

After the summer of 1956, I returned to Harvard even more determined to go into radio. I was elected WHRB's station manager but two weeks later received an official letter stating that "the Administrative Board voted to place you on probation instead of severing your connection with the University." It had been my second unsatisfactory term as a result of my infatuation with radio; among the penalties would be the surrender of my new post. Nonetheless, and in the tradition of the college's station, I continued on the air under a pseudonym and comforted myself with the thought that WWDC had asked me to come back. I toughed it out and eventually graduated without honors but with a job.

I returned to WWDC in the summer of 1959 upon graduation from Harvard. I started working for Deadline Washington on my off-days and after work on other days -- putting in 12-14 hour stints. Often I would be on joint assignment for Deadline and WWDC.

WWDC also received feeds from other stations. For example, when Nikita Khruschev was visiting the US, we arranged for a mid-western station to give reports of his tour of an American farm.

WWDC's news fleet consisted of two vehicles, a Nash Rambler station wagon and an Isetta minicar. The light blue Rambler had WWDC NEWS, in reverse image, painted on its hood in large dark blue letters, thus allowing the sign to be read correctly in a rear view mirror. The style would become common, especially with ambulances, but at the time was the sort of novelty WWDC loved.

The Rambler had an even more startling, albeit unintentional, characteristic. The front seats of Ramblers folded down to become beds. Unfortunately, this capability had developed an anarchistic streak in our model, resulting in a tendency for the driver's seat back to become prone whenever sturdy brake pressure was applied, say at an ordinary stop light.

The Isetta, an Italian import, was far smaller than any car on the road today, and powered by a motor scooter engine. It had four wheels, but they were tiny and the two in back were almost adjacent to each other. You sat in what amounted to little more than a cockpit with barely enough room for a 210-pound reporter and a radio telephone. The door doubled as the entire front end, with the steering wheel swinging out of the way for entrance and egress. More than once I pulled up to a wall or post only to remember that I had blocked my own getting out.


 AN ISETTA OF THE SAME MODEL THE AUTHOR DROVE  
  AS A RADIO NEWS REPORTER.

[Microcar & Minicar Club]

It was not the best way to cover the news. The Isetta had a flank speed of 50 mph on flat, good pavement, and it practically had to be pedaled up hills. This sometimes interfered with arriving promptly at the scene of a distant fire, murder or drowning. Nonetheless, no one at WWDC would admit that novelty in this case had gotten a bit out of hand. Besides, the Isetta's light carriage allowed me to push it out of mud and sand in which a heavier car would have become mired.

Everything was simpler. Even the US Capitol which I wandered around with my mike and tape recorder like it was my apartment building. Even the US Capitol Police force was comprised mainly of young men benefiting from the patronage granted their fathers by various members of Congress. It was a fairly pleasant crowd and you knew you were not just dealing with a law enforcement officer but perhaps a grad student whose dad was a buddy of the majority leader.

My favorite Hill cop story from the period involves a friend who was a bagpipe -playing Lebanese Catholic from Boston who knew everyone in the Democratic Party and worked for a number of them including Massachusetts governor Foster Furcolo and, later, Ted Kennedy. She was on her way to an LBJ State of the Union from Boston but was late and arrived from the plane still carrying her bagpipe case in which rested not only the instrument but some pita bread her sister had made.

In a hall crowded with some of America's most powerful, my friend was told by a Capitol police officer to open the bagpipe case. The officer was disturbed by what he found inside. "Don't worry," said my friend. "It's just a bagpipe and some pita bread. . . Call your chief and tell him Terri Haddad is here with her bagpipes. He knows me."

The officer did and at the other end the Capitol Hill police chief issued one blunt order: "Tell her to play “Danny Boy."

And so for the chief, she did and then was allowed to repack her instrument and go hear the speech.

Before long, I knew Washington and its environ like a cab driver and could quickly compute such arcane calculations as the shortest route from the White House to a six alarm fire in Upper Marlboro. I also knew every press room in town.

My favorite was at the District Building, which one entered through swinging doors reminiscent of a frontier bar. Inside were three desks, a center table and a worn-out sofa. The stuffing was coming out of the sofa and the covering was greasy and black from years of resting heads. After Watergate, a sign was posted above the press room sofa. It read, "Carl Bernstein slept here."

Complementing the novelty of the station's news fleet was its collection of still rare battery operated tape recorders. These devices were about three inches thick, five inches wide and ten inches long.

The recorders were so new that the engineer's union had initially insisted it send a member out with all reporters using one. Fortunately for the future of news radio, this particular piece of featherbedding was scotched. The tape recorders, however, presented a number of other challenges -- including a deep sensitivity to temperature. More than once I returned from an outdoor winter taping -- a burial at Arlington cemetery or a fire -- only to find my recorded voice sounding like Porky Pig as the batteries returned to full power once back in the studio.

Whatever the machines' faults, there were fewer than a dozen stations and networks in Washington that had them, so even a neophyte reporter such as myself had easy access to the most senior politicians.

In a manual on WWDC news reporting that I wrote in 1960, shortly before leaving the station, I outlined some of the peculiarities of the technology:

The various machines operate in various ways at various times. For example, they have different proper recording levels and sometimes these change after the machines have been repaired. . .

Do not let the speaker hold the mike unless he is in such a position that you can not comfortably reach him. Saliva does not help the mike crystal.

Covering events with you on the local level will be the three daily papers, an occasional wire service man, and sometimes a man from WMAL The basis of successful operation alongside these other news people is largely intuitive and is worked out by experience. But if the WMAL cameraman asks you to move the mike a little to the left, you should do so as long as it does not hamper your work. If you need to get through a crowd of reporters with a mike, polite requests combined with the proper quantity of physical pressure will assure entrance.

There are many events at which over a hundred reporters will be present. Obviously, a dog-eat-dog attitude could easily result in chaos. A scoop is one thing, but it doesn't mean cooperation is eliminated.

Covering national stories, the networks present a problem. The network engineers and cameramen try to intimidate new independent newsmen and like to play tough. Some of their requests are responsible. Sometimes they just are trying to give you a hard time. It gains you nothing to get angry. Be good natured whenever possible; otherwise go about your business ignoring them . . .

In time this policy pays off. One cameraman, without being asked, gave me the idea for the paper clip mike holder. NBC's Johhnie Langanegger repaired a transformer for me. A cameraman named Skip lent me a screwdriver at a crucial moment. These men have a job to do and take a certain pride in being old-timers at it. It helps to remember this . . .

After the conference there is a mad rush for the few phones available. So the simplest thing to do is to go the People's Drug Store on the corner of 17th & Pennsylvania Ave, buy a cup of coffee, sit down at a table and write your story in relative peace.


THE AUTHOR, 2nd FROM RIGHT, INTERVIEWS JFK RIGHT AFTER HE                                       ANNOUNCED HIS PRESIDENTIAL CANIDACY.

Photo by Hank Walker, Life Magazine.

The stories I covered for WWDC ran from Eisenhower news conferences, to an interview with Louis Armstrong, to the murder of the former head of an Illinois college who was found "stark naked, beaten and dying" in a room of the seedy Alton Hotel, murdered by a male carnival worker.

My mind became centered  on other matters -- such as getting into Coast Guard Officer Candidate School before my draft board got me. But I know those months changed me even as they changed the country. I no longer thought of the Capitol as a cathedral, the exciting had turned a little tawdry, the right choice was less certain and the important no longer peremptorily apparent.

I had stopped noticing the shine of the marble. The floors of the House and Senate office buildings became harder, the hallways darkened, and the doors that lined them seemed to conceal more than they invited. Even on foggy and rainy evenings, the Capitol dome no longer floated in the sky but sat lumpy and leaden on top of the Hill, waiting for a new story to begin.

PHOTOS WASHINGTON HISTORY, MLK LIBRARY, WASHINGTONIANA DIVISION