Alana Semuels, Atlantic - Half a century
after President Lyndon B. Johnson declared a war on poverty, the number
of Americans living in slums is rising at an extraordinary pace.
The number of people living in high-poverty
areas—defined as census tracts where 40 percent or more of families have
income levels below the federal poverty threshold—nearly doubled
between 2000 and 2013, to 13.8 million from 7.2 million, according to a new analysis of census data by Paul Jargowsky,
a public-policy professor at Rutgers University-Camden and a fellow at
The Century Foundation. That’s the highest number of Americans living in
high-poverty neighborhoods ever recorded.
The development is worrying, especially since the number of people living in high-poverty areas fell 25 percent,
to 7.2 million from 9.6 million, between 1990 and 2000. Back then,
concentrated poverty was declining in part because the economy was
booming. The Earned Income Tax Credit boosted the take-home pay for many
poor families. (Studies have shown the EITC also creates a feeling
of social inclusion and citizenship among low-income earners.) The
unemployment rate fell as low as 3.8 percent, and the first minimum wage increases
in a decade made it easier for families to get by. Programs to
disassemble housing projects in big cities such as Chicago and Detroit
eradicated some of the most concentrated poverty in the country,
Jargowsky told me.
As
newly middle-class minorities moved to inner suburbs, though, the
mostly white residents of those suburbs moved further away, buying up
the McMansions that were being built at a rapid pace. This acceleration
of white flight was especially problematic in Rust Belt towns that
didn’t experience the economic boom of the mid-2000s. They were watching
manufacturing and jobs move overseas.
Cities
such as Detroit saw continued white flight as wealthier residents moved
to Oakland County and beyond, further and further away from the city’s
core. They brought their tax dollars with them, leaving the city with
little tax base, a struggling economy, and no resources to spend on
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